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Titel:
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Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition
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Auteur(s):
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Sutton, M.A.; Reis, S.; Riddick, S.N.; Dragosits, U.; Nemitz, E.; Theobald, M.R.; Tang, Y.S.; Braban, C.F.; Vieno, M.; Dore, A.J.; Mitchell, R.F.; Wanless, S.; Daunt, F.; Fowler, D.; Blackall, T.D.; Milford, C.; Flechard, C.R.; Loubet, B.; Massad, R.; Cellier, P.; Coheur, P.F.; Clarisse, L.; Damme, M. van; Ngadi, Y.; Clerbaux, C.; Ambelas Skjoth, C.; Geels, C.; Hertel, O.; Wichink Kruit, R.J.; Pinder, R.W.; Bash, J.O.; Walker, J.D.; Simpson, D.; Horvath, L.; Misselbrook, T.H.; Bleeker, A.; Dentener, F.; Vries, W. de
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Gepubliceerd door:
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Publicatie datum:
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ECN
Environment & Energy Engineering
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6-8-2013
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ECN publicatienummer:
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Publicatie type:
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ECN-W--13-014
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Artikel wetenschap tijdschrift
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Aantal pagina's:
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13
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Gepubliceerd in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Royal Society Publishing), , 2013, Vol.doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0166 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 5 July 2013 vol. 368 no. 1621 20130166 , p.-.
Samenvatting:
Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) land–atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH3 emission–deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28–67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH3 emissions may increase from 65 (45–85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89–179) Tg by 2100.
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